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PATTERNS OF SEROPREVALENCE FOR TRANSFUSION-TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN A BLOOD CENTRE OF NORTHEAST INDIA Original Research Paper Okram Geet- chandra Singh* Associate Professor, Blood Centre, JNIMS, Imphal *Corresponding Author Introduction: Transfusion– Transmissible Infections (TTIs) are the infections resulting from the introduction of a pathogen into a person through blood transfusion. In an attempt to mitigate the inherent risk of TTIs, the demographic information of blood donors including knowledge on local prevalence of infections and its pattern in the donor population is important for formulating recruitment strategies and planning other precautionary measures. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Blood Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal between January 2019 and December 2022. All donated blood units were tested for the mandatory TTI markers for HIV 1 & 2, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and Malarial parasite. The prevalence and patterns of seropositivity for TTIs were studied based on the donor demographic characteristics such as donation type, gender and age group. The Results: overall seroprevalence among blood donors (n=31,563) was 1.79%. The seroprevalence was lower among voluntary donors (1.08%) than the replacement donors (2.10%). Seropositivities among female and male donors were 0.79% and 1.93% respectively. The lowest TTI seropositivity was seen among female voluntary donors (0.59%) and highest among male replacement donors (2.24%). The seroprevalence for speci?c TTI markers among the blood donors were 0.15% for HIV; 0.57% for HBV; 0.93% for HCV; 0.14% for Syphilis and no donor was found positive for Malaria. The frequency of TTI seropositivity was increased with increase in the age groups of donors in both sexes. There were 9 (0.029%) donors who had co-infection of TTIs. The patterns of TTI markers for co-infections were HCV+HIV=3; HCV+HBV=3; HCV+Syphilis=2 and HIV+ Syphilis=1. Conclusion: The measures to provide safe blood may include collection of blood from the targeted low risk donor population, using more sensitive testing methods, implementing pathogen reduction technologies and other public health measures
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@#Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTI) in blood donors continue to be a threat to recipients, therefore, to increase accessibility to infection-free donor blood, voluntary non-remunerated donation has been recommended. This was a retrospective observational study aimed at establishing a data base for transfusion transmissible infections in family replacement and voluntary donors at the Alotau Provincial Health Authority (PHA) Blood Bank Service using donor data recorded from 2015 to 2018. Statistical significance was determined using the chi-square test with p-values of <0.05 considered significant. Ethical clearance was approved by the School of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee. Consent to collect data from the Alotau PHA Blood Transfusion Service and the Blood Bank Laboratory was granted on the 17/06/2019 reference #: RCO1/6/19. A total of 2852 blood donors were analyzed, of which 90% (n=2567) were males and 10% (n=285) were females. Of these, 69% (n=1959) were Family-Replacement-Donors (FRDs) and 31% (n=893) were Voluntary Donors (VDs). Donations by FRDs increased with increasing years from 2015 to 2017 and declined slightly by 1% in 2018. The complete opposite was observed in VDs. TTIs were higher in FRDs than in VDs (20.1% vs 16.8%, p=0.04), in single infections, (18.6% vs 15.2%, p=0.03), infection with HBV (9.9% vs 7.2%, p=0.02), and in those aged over 45 years (2.7% vs 0.1%, p=<0.01). The differences were statistically significant. TTI was significantly higher in male FRDs than VDs (19.1 vs 14.3, p=0.00) and in females, it was significantly higher in VDs than in FRDs (2.5% vs 1.0%, p=0.00). TTIs were significantly high in older male FRDs which seem to indicate that the primary route of transmission in this setting could be mostly sexual. This calls for establishment of effective educational awareness about risk factors in the older population, and promotion of voluntary non-remunerated donations in this setting.
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Blood transfusion is an important lifesaving intervention, but it poses the risk of transmission of different infections like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Treponema pallidum (causing syphilis) and Plasmodium spp. (causing malaria) to the recipient. Seroprevalence of different transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) among blood donors is an indirect measure of these infections in the community. This study was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of different TTIs in blood donors attending blood bank of a tertiary care hospital of Western Odisha.METHODS12,241 samples over 8 years from both voluntary and replacement donors were processed for HBsAg, HCV, HIV by ELISA method and for syphilis by RPR test, for malaria by rapid card test. Positive samples were confirmed by PCR method for HBsAg, HCV, HIV and by TPHA test for Syphilis and by peripheral smear study for malaria. All the positive samples were rejected for transfusion and the seroreactive blood donors were sent to appropriate department for treatment.RESULTSAmong 12241 samples 0.96% (118/12241) samples were positive for TTI. 2.70% (328/12241) were voluntary donors and 1.87% (229/12241) were female donors. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, Syphilis and malaria were 0.62, 0.044%, 0.073%, 0.1% and 0.12% respectively. Hepatitis B showed significant decrease of annual prevalence over 8 years.CONCLUSIONSSeroprevalence of TTI was lower compared to other studies of India. Highest seroprevalence was seen in hepatitis B. Awareness about hepatitis B vaccination should be increased in that area. Voluntary blood donation and female participation should be encouraged in that area.
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To ensure the safety and efficacy of the military thermo-sensitive drugs, it is necessary to monitor the temperature changes through the whole process of production, transportation, storage, distribution and application. The characteristics of various commercial TTI were analyzed. The applications of TTI technology in the quality control for military thermo-sensitive drugs were reviewed in order to provide accurate quality assurance for those drugs.
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Background: Blood Transfusion plays a vital role in patient management and is lifesaving in many instances. It plays a pivotal role as a specialized modality of treatment and saves millions of lives worldwide each year and reduces morbidity. It is well known to be associated with a large number of complications, some of them trivial while others are life threatening, demanding for meticulous pre transfusion testing and screening. The priority objective of BTS is to ensure safe, adequate accessible efficient blood supply at all times. The magnitude of TTI varies from country to country and depends directly on the TTI load of society and also effective screening of donors at blood bank. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in our hospital blood bank from 2014- 1016, to study the sero- prevalence and trends in TTI, including HIV, HBV, HCV, VDRL, and malaria. The total number of voluntary and replacement donors increased steadily in 3 years. Results: The sero- prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV decreased steadily over 3 years, whereas incidence of syphilis increased steadily. HBV was noted to be more in voluntary donors than in replacement donors. Blood unit utilization index was calculated and ranged from 90.9% in 2014 to 88.9% in 2015 and 91.6% in 2016. Most common cause for discard of the blood units was TTI followed by expiry of products. Conclusion: Strict selection of blood donors is mandatory and is recommended to ensure safe blood supply. Voluntary blood donations need to be increased to decrease the incidence of TTI.
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Background & Objective: The high prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis has heightened the problems of blood safety in India. TTIs cause fatal, chronic and life-threatening disorders because of their prolonged viraemia and carrier or latent state. Serologic tests utilized routinely in the screening of blood donors, totally not guarantee the absence of these infections among blood donors. Methodology: Samples of HIV, HBsAg, HCV were tested by ELISA and samples of syphilis were tested by RPR method following manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Prevalence of HBV was highest within at the age groups 26-35 years, HCV within the age group between 36-45years, syphilis within the age group between 46-55 years and HIV between 26-35 years. The prevalence of hepatitis B and syphilis was higher among males as compared to females, while for hepatitis C and HIV, it was higher among females as compared to males. Conclusion: Availability of safe blood for transfusion can be achieved by vigorous screening of donors and donated blood. Screening of blood is now mandatory for many diseases and is undertaken routinely in blood banks. The prevalence of TTIs among the Indian blood donors is reported to be ranging as follows; HBV – 0.66% to 12%, HCV – 0.5% to 1.5%, HIV– 0.084% to 3.87%, and syphilis – 0.85% to 3% respectively. Hence strict selection of blood donors with stringent screening and safe methods of detection can minimise risk if TTI.
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Background: Though regular blood transfusion improves the survival, it carries the unavoidable risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in β-thalassaemic patients. Owing to the lack of uniformity in blood screening practices in Pakistan, TTI is still a major challenge. Objectives: To study the current trends of TTI in regularly transfused β-thalassaemics and their correlation with age, number of transfusions, hematological and biochemical markers. Methods: We carried out a prospective case-control study. 100 β-thalassemic patients and 200 healthy donors were recruited from June 2011 to June 2014. HCV antibodies, Hepatitis B surface antigen and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies (I & II) were evaluated. Complete blood counts, LFTs and serum ferritin were tested on all patients. Results: Mean age of patients and controls was 11.18±5.07 and 20.5±1.87 years respectively. In patients, 54% and 46% were males and females respectively. Anti-HCV antibody and HbsAg were positive in 27% versus 3% and 3% versus 2% in patients and controls respectively. None of the patients and controls was HIV reactive. Seropositivity of Anti-HCV was significantly higher in patients than that of controls (P<0.001). Anti-HCV positively correlated with age above 10 years, numbers of transfusions (≥150 units), high serum ferritin, elevated ALT and alkaline phosphatase (P<0.001). Conclusions: Over the decade, TTI magnitude has significantly reduced, but hepatitis C is still a main hazard. Further preventive measures including nucleic acid testing, voluntary donation and stringent donor selection will be required for reducing TTI in β-thalassaemics.
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Background: HCV is a blood borne virus. Mainly HCV infection attacks the liver and can cause chronic Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis (27%) and liver cancer (25%) and shows significant mortality and morbidity. Aim: The present study was to assess ICT kit used in the preliminary screening process of HCV infection among blood donors in a rural teaching hospital, Sangareddy. Nagababu Pyadala, Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi, Rajaneesh Borugadda, Soumendra Nath Maity, Rohit C. P., Rathnagiri Polavarapu. Comparative evaluation of Immunochromatographic Assay for screening Hepatitis C among blood donors in a rural teaching hospital, Sangareddy. IAIM, 2016; 3(6): 152-156. Page 153 Materials and methods: In this study, 1050 number of blood units were collected from donors containing both voluntary and replacement donors for a period of one year from January 2015 to December 2015. 1050 donors were tested for HCV by using ICT kit and ELISA method. Results: We found 4 out of 1050 subjects tested positive for HCV by using ICT kit and conformed by ELISA method. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the overall performance of the rapid ICT kit for HCV was equally sensitive to ELISA and yet they were cheap and quicker. It can be recommended that ELISA comparable rapid devices may be allowed to be used for preliminary screening of Hepatitis C especially, in remote areas or where cost is an issue.
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The aim of this study is to present the status of transfusion –transmitted infections among the apparently healthy donors so as to increase the awareness of complications of blood transfusion and make the clinicians more vigilant with regard to judicious use of blood. A total of 5008 units of donor’s blood was screened from January 2006 to December 2008 at blood bank of People’s Hospital, Bhopal. The result of screening showed total seropositive samples for hepatitis B (2.9%), hepatitis C (0.57%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 0.51% ) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test (VDRL; 0.23%) by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA ) methods, and rapid plasma regain (RPR) method for syphilis.
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Torque teno virus , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Blood TransfusionABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficiency of monitoring noninvasive respiratory effort and respiratory load-capacity ratio in patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation by mean inspiratory pressure(Pi) which were calculated on the basis of the formula, Pi = 5 × P 0.1 × Ti, as well as the noninvasire tension index calculated from Pi(TTIi). Method Totally 12 patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation were enrolled in the study and their underlying diseases included COPD( n = 9), ARDS( n = 2) and status asthmaticus(n = 1) respectively. Esophageal pressure(PesoM) was monitored via the insertion of esophageal balloon and corrected esophageal pressure(Peso) was acquired by subtracting elastic pressure of chest wall from PesoM. P 0.1, Maximal inspiratory pressure on esophageal pressure curve(MIPeso) and on airway pressure curve(MIPaw) was measured with conventional technique. Pi was calculated on Pi = 5 × P 0.1 × Ti. Pi and MIPaw were used to calculate the noninvasive tension-time index TTIi, whereas Peso and MIPeso were used to calculate the invasive counterpart TTIeso. Comparisons, Correlation and Bland-Altman agreement analysis were made between P0.1 and Peso as well as between TIIi and TTIeso. Results There were no significant differences between Pi and Peso as well as between TTIi and TTIeso(P > 0.05) ,and the correlation coefficients were 0.974 and 0.957 respectively. In the agreement analysis, the mean difference between Pi and Peso, and between TTIi and TTIeso were lower than the minimal values of(Peso + PiSB )/2 and of(TIIi + TTIeso)/2, respectively. Conclusions There is a good correlation between Pi and Peso as well as between TTIi and TTIeso, in which Pi is calculated calculated from P 0.1 and in turn the TTIi is calculated from Pi. The noninvasive indices including Pi and TTIi can be used to monitor respiratory effort and respiratory load-capacity in patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation.
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TTI gene coding for Tsetse thrombin inhibitor was modified with E.coli bias codon and expressed in Escherichia coli with high efficiency.Recombinant protein was purified to more than 98% purity.Assay for enzyme activity determination was set up.The result showed that the fusion protein exhibited inhibiting activity for thrombin.Inhibitory rate of purified TTI was 73% when concentration of thrombin and substrate was 10U/ml and 250?mol/L respectively.Inhibition pattern was determined as competitive with Ki at 35?mol/L.